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Quantum computing is advancing at a remarkable pace, stirring concern about its potential impact on cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Tech giants like IBM and Google are at the forefront of these developments, which threaten to compromise the cryptographic defenses that protect Bitcoin transactions and wallets. The core of the debate centers around the possibility of quantum computers undermining the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and SHA-256 hashing algorithms that secure these digital assets. As experts analyze the situation, predictions about when these threats might materialize vary, ranging from a few years to several decades.
Quantum Computing’s Expedited Threat to Bitcoin
Google quantum researcher Craig Gidney has highlighted a potentially accelerated timeline for threats posed by quantum computing. In research published in 2025, Gidney suggested that the resources required for quantum computers to break RSA encryption are fewer than previously anticipated. Although Bitcoin does not utilize RSA encryption, it relies on ECC, which is similarly susceptible to quantum attacks, particularly Shor’s algorithm. Gidney’s findings indicate that Bitcoin’s encryption could face risks sooner than anticipated, with a potential threat window between 2030 and 2035, contingent on advancements in error correction technologies. This revelation has incited concern and urgency among cryptocurrency stakeholders, spurring discussions on implementing preemptive security measures.
“I estimate that a 2048-bit RSA integer could be factored in under a week by a quantum computer with fewer than one million noisy qubits,” Gidney wrote.
https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/05/unhackable-at-last-china-unveils-worlds-first-quantum-cryptography-system-that-could-redefine-global-cybersecurity/
His research underscores the need for the crypto community to bolster defenses against quantum threats sooner rather than later.
Adam Back’s Cautious Perspective
Adam Back, an early Bitcoin adopter and CEO of Blockstream, offers a more cautious outlook regarding the timeline of quantum threats. In 2025, Back posited that quantum computers might not pose a significant threat for at least two decades. However, he acknowledged the possibility of unexpected breakthroughs that could necessitate migrating Bitcoin to quantum-resistant addresses. This process might include relocating the coins belonging to Bitcoin’s enigmatic founder, Satoshi Nakamoto, potentially revealing whether the mysterious figure is still alive. Back’s perspective highlights the unpredictable nature of technological advancements and reinforces the importance of vigilance within the crypto community.
Back’s stance emphasizes that while the threat may not be imminent, the possibility of rapid technological progress must not be dismissed. The continual evaluation of cryptographic security measures is vital for maintaining Bitcoin’s integrity.
David Carvalho’s Urgent Call to Action
Naoris Protocol CEO David Carvalho issued a more urgent warning in mid-2025 about the looming quantum threat. According to Carvalho, quantum computers could potentially crack Bitcoin within five years unless its cryptography is swiftly upgraded. He cited emerging technologies, such as Microsoft’s Majorana chip, as indicators of the impending arrival of powerful quantum systems. Carvalho cautioned that approximately 30% of Bitcoin is stored in vulnerable addresses, and a breach could severely damage the network’s 16-year trust. Highlighting the urgency, he pointed out that BlackRock has recognized the quantum threat in its updated spot ETF filing, underscoring the necessity for immediate action before it’s too late.
“A breach would be catastrophic for holders, whose funds would be gone forever, and the ecosystem at large. It would prove that the unbreakable system can be broken,” Carvalho said.
This emphasizes the critical need for the crypto community to prioritize upgrading cryptographic defenses.
Proactive Measures Suggested by Chamath Palihapitiya
Billionaire investor Chamath Palihapitiya has also raised concerns about potential risks to Bitcoin’s encryption. In late 2024, following Google’s unveiling of its 105-qubit Willow chip, Palihapitiya warned that Bitcoin’s SHA-256 encryption might be compromised within two to five years. He estimated that approximately 8,000 such chips could potentially breach Bitcoin’s security. While achieving this scale remains challenging, Palihapitiya urged blockchain developers to begin reworking hashing algorithms immediately. The quantum threat to Bitcoin depends largely on the development of fault-tolerant quantum computers with millions of qubits, a milestone that remains years away.
Palihapitiya’s call to action underscores the importance of proactive measures to safeguard Bitcoin’s future. The crypto community must continue to innovate and adapt to the evolving technological landscape to preserve the security and trust of digital assets.
The swift advancements in quantum computing present both opportunities and challenges for the future of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Experts remain divided on the timeline and severity of these threats. However, one thing is clear: the crypto community must remain vigilant and proactive in defending against potential vulnerabilities. The ongoing question is: how will stakeholders adapt to ensure the continued security and trust of Bitcoin in an increasingly quantum world?
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